Despite Ukrainian successes over the last year in fending off a majority of Russian cyberattacks, experts warn of a likely second wave of attacks that are better coordinated and harder to defend against. Given Russia's abrupt invasion in February 2022, many Russian hackers quickly resorted to crude cyberattacks that were quickly and easily thwarted by Ukraine, such as distributed denial-of-service attacks and data-destroying attacks. With more time to train hackers and coordinate cyberattacks with physical attacks, Russia's future cyber warfare tactics will likely be more difficult to fend off. Additionally, previous deterrents against Russian cyberattacks (including an unwillingness to accidentally involve NATO) are now much less applicable, since NATO nations such as the United States have already promised Ukraine military aid and supplies. If Russia feels they have no other option to win, catastrophic cyberattacks may follow. And historically, these atacks against Ukraine have bled into the global sphere (ex: NotPetya), and future attacks may as well.