This document prepared by the President’s National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC), a group of high-level leaders from industry and the government who own and administer critical infrastructure, answers the question of how the federal government and private sector can best support the cybersecurity of critical infrastructure. The NIAC found that existing federal bodies and capabilities are limited in their effectiveness for a number of reasons, including that private companies are largely unaware of and have little incentive to use these federal routes, the capabilities are disorganized and spread over various government bodies and their sub-components, and several legal and other barriers stand in the way. Consequently, the council proposes a set of eleven recommendations for how the government and private sector can best cooperate to ensure the cybersecurity of infrastructure systems. Turning these recommendations into reality will involve a great degree of coordination, and is critical in this “pre-9/11” era of cybersecurity attacks in which we currently exist to avoid a 9/11-like cyber disaster. Three of the eleven recommendations determined by the NIAC are the following: (1) Create “separate, secure communication networks specifically designated for the most critical cyber networks,” including “dark fiber” networks, which are presently under- or unused networks. (2) Support the construction of “a private-sector-led pilot of machine-to-machine information sharing technologies.” (3) Introduce “limited time, outcome-based market incentives that encourage owners and operators to upgrade cyber infrastructure, invest in state-of-the-art technologies, and meet industry standards or best practices.” Many of these recommendations describe concrete solutions to bring greater and more organized connectivity between the government and private sector with regards to the issue of cyberdefense. The council contends that such a higher level of organization and focus will maximize the “tremendous cyber capabilities and resources” that the two sectors already collectively possess, thereby achieving the goal of effective cybersecurity.