The Power of Beliefs in US Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Role of Deterrence, Norms, and Escalation

Abstract: 

The paper studies the development of the United States military cyber power. Originally, the United States was optimistic about the internet and chose to create a reliable and secure cyberspace through diplomacy and cooperation. However, after multiple attacks, the strategy shifted to deterrence in 2015. Eventually, the United States decided on a more forward strategy in 2018. The authors review the decisions made and suggest the Department of Defense establish norms and take a defense-forward approach in the future of the cyberspace strategy.

Author: 

Erica D Lonergan, Jacquelyn Schneider

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