The Russian invasion of Ukraine is arguably the largest and most significant example of cyber-military conflict (“cyber war”) to date. This preliminary October 2022 report examines the evolving nature of cyber threats and the role cyber warfare plays in the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The report also uses data from recent Russian cyberattacks (e.g., the IssacWiper malware, interference with Viasat Inc’s KA-SAT satellite) to expand upon the utility of offensive cyber operations, state-based cyber coordination, and defense versus offense in cyberspace. The conflict between Ukraine and Russia has seen an unprecedented level of cyber activity, including distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, data breaches, and disinformation campaigns. These cyberattacks, however, have been largely unsuccessful in disrupting Ukrainian efforts. The report concludes that this ineffectiveness stemmed from Ukraine’s preparedness after Russian cyber attacks in 2014 as well as the lack of Russian cyber integration with broader martial campaigns. The report also notes that the combination of physical and digital warfare makes it difficult to attribute attacks and determine responses, which poses a significant challenge for policymakers and national security. The U.S. and other states can learn from Ukraine’s example by prioritizing cybersecurity research and international cooperation, as well as integrating physical and digital operations for specific offensive goals.