Max Smeets explores the challenges involved in creating a successful cyber force for national defense. Cyber operations have become a key part of warfare in the 21st century, with over 40 sovereign states establishing some shape or form of military cyber command. Despite this, to construct a cyber command requires a sheer amount of resources and time. Smeets approaches this challenge with five categories that he labels as "The PETIO framework". The categories are people, exploits, toolset, infrastructure, and organizational structure. Smeets explains that the composition of people in a cyber command goes beyond that of just "technical expertise", that exploits and tools can be more effective with a stronger knowledge of the target, and that establishing the proper cyber infrastructure, such as a "cyber range" for training and testing, is essential to developing and maintaining offensive cyber capability.