In this report, the World Economic Forum (2025) explores how accelerating geopolitical tensions and technological innovation have converged to create an increasingly dangerous cyber threat landscape. The findings align with the “Data Matters & Need for Trusted Data” module of the cybersecurity course at MIT, which highlights how the cyberspace has evolved into a key arena for national competition, with hostile cyber activities often serving an instrument of statecraft. By examining the ways that critical infrastructure attacks, supply chain vulnerabilities, and cross-border operations shape modern conflicts, the Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025 shows why cybersecurity has become a “high politics” matter. The report’s strategic recommendations also illuminate how public, private, and civil society actors can work together to safeguard digital ecosystems, thereby reinforcing the course emphasis on collaboration as a cornerstone of effective cybersecurity policy.
