Russia’s cyber operations have evolved from traditional tactics in messing with neighbor states to utilizing cyberatacks and misinformation campaigns to mess with public sentiment. Because of the ambiguity of cyberattacks, Russia is able to deny all claims and continue on their campaign, thus, consequences go uninforced. The author then goes to describe cyber operations in the countries of Estonia, Georgia, and Ukraine, detailing the targets, the impact, and attribution, and comparing the strategies and affects on each country. The escalation of attacks included attacks on infrastructure, getting non-state actors to join in on the attacks, and increasing operations to larger scaled. Overall, cyber conflict, disinformation, and malware has been increasing in Russia’s neighboring states, leading one to believe that the same will be done on Western countries.
