This paper examines a specific manifestation of the security dilemma in the context of dual-use technology. The authors argue that the inherent uncertainty in the traditional security dilemma is further intensified by dual-use technology, as its development can be ambiguously attributed to either civilian or military objectives. This ambiguity heightens the risk of preemptive disruptions by states seeking to mitigate perceived threats—such as considerations of targeted strikes—or compels them to pursue similar technological advancements. The latter response triggers a securitization spiral, fostering arms races, excessive military expenditures, heightened geopolitical tensions, and potential conflict. In the realm of cybersecurity, the case of Huawei and its 5G infrastructure exemplifies this dilemma. The decision to adopt ostensibly civilian technology is complicated by concerns over potential strategic objectives of its country of origin, China. This analysis introduces a novel perspective on the security dilemma in the context of dual-use technology, providing a valuable framework for evaluating international cybersecurity challenges.
