DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY IN IT: A REVIEW OF TECHNIQUES AND CHALLENGES

This review synthesizes academic and industry literature on how organizations can safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability in increasingly interconnected IT environments. It catalogues technical countermeasures and then asses the evolving threat to privacy and security and the regulatory landscape. The key threats they identified were malware variants, ransomware campaigns, and social engineering attacks. They highlighted the complications of meeting stringent, sometimes conflicting regulatory requirements. There are many novel security and privacy concerns, loT devices, AI systems, and cloud deployments all widen the attack surface and introduce new privacy concerns, coupled with insider (malicious or negligent) and zero-day exploits that can be used by advance threats. They also highlight the data-localization conflicts of balancing cross-border data flows. They also predict 5 trends that could reshape defenses, AI-driven security orchestration, quantum-resistant cryptography, zero-trust architecture, privacy-preserving analytics, and tougher global regulation and enforcement. Data privacy and security remain targets that are changing and shifting constantly. Effective protection hinges not on a single technology but an adaptive mic of cryptography, access governance, anonymization, resilient architectures, and a culture of continuous improvement.