The rapid progress in biochemical and computational domains has surpassed existing regulatory frameworks for biosecurity. Novel cybercrime technologies targeting healthcare providers, biological facilities, and laboratory security highlight the emergence of precision threats. For example, dark web marketplaces, including Silk Road and Alphabay, represent platforms to trade bioweapons for use in terrorism; new marketplaces continue to emerge, and surveillance is currently inadequate to address the problem. In addition, the shift to E-health records has enabled effective data linkage, but represents a vulnerable, high-value target for cyberattackers and ransomware. Consequently, novel governance strategies and risk assessment methodologies are imperative to fortify health security measures in response to these evolving challenges.
