Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) with wireless connectivity have enabled remote monitoring of patients which have evidently improved survival outcomes. However, since most CIEDs now employ RF-link telemetry to communicate with WiFi and Bluetooth technology, the risk of the highly sensitive transmitted data being intercepted or disrupted and the device itself being manipulated by hackers has drastically increased. Software-defined radio can be used to intercept RF signals, backdoors can be implemented to erase the monitor memory, and indefinite telemetry sessions can be set up to deplete the battery of the CIED. Such cyberattacks not only lead to the breach of patient data, but have the potential to inflict grave harm upon CIED users. To mitigate such issues, the manufacturer must take appropriate cryptographic measures to encrypt transmitted data from CIEDs and ensure continuous surveillance of the CIED over the course of its lifespan. As the final destination for the data, hospitals are responsible for securing their computer network systems. Finally, the physician and patient must be aware of and remain updated on cybersecurity risks and threats towards CIEDs.
